Guide step
Decide whether this is engine derate or transmission fail-safe first
A throttle-limited engine, weak boost, or airflow plausibility problem belongs in the reduced-power bucket. A vehicle stuck in one gear with harsh shifts belongs in the transmission limp-mode bucket even if the driver also says reduced power.
Guide step
Read all modules if possible
Reduced power can involve powertrain plus electronic throttle or transmission modules, so do not stop at one generic PCM code if the scan tool can reach more.
Guide step
Check sensor plausibility
MAF, throttle position, cam timing, and boost readings should agree with load and RPM. If they do not, the ECU may be limiting torque on purpose rather than reacting to a true mechanical power loss.
Guide step
Inspect connectors and basics
Connector fitment, low oil, carbon buildup, air leaks, and low system voltage can all mimic failed sensors or force protective derate behavior.